1 Motor programming disrupts verbal maintenance

150 words) The functional organization of the PFC from anterior to posterior regions reflects a hierarchy of cognitive control whereby progressively anterior sub-regions are associated with higher-order control. The present study aimed at providing behavioral evidence for two predictions issuing from this cascade model. First, even the lower-most sub-part of the cognitive control hierarchy, i.e. motor programming, should interfere with higher controlled processes such as maintenance in working memory. Second, this effect should be commensurate with the time during which control is required. In a computer-paced complex span task, adults had to maintain letters while they performed a secondary task. The demand imposed by this task was manipulated either at the selection or at the motor programming stage of response preparation. Results revealed that both manipulations have a disruptive effect on verbal memory, and that this effect is commensurate with the extra-time during which response selection and motor programming require cognitive control.